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<div>Volume 37, fascicle 2 of the double-blind peer-reviewed Journal of Ancient Civilizations (JAC) has been published. Please find contents and abstracts below.</div>
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<div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Contents</span></div>
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<div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">MANNING, SEAN: The Armies of the Teispids and Achaemenids:</span></div>
<div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The Armies of an Ancient World Empire (147-192)</span></div>
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<div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">SCHULZ, RAIMUND: Between War of Conquest and Pre-emptive Attack: New Perspectives on the Background to the Persian Wars (193-224)</span></div>
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<div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">BURSTEIN, STANLEY M. / FINCH, CALEB E.: Lead Poisoning in Ancient Rome: The State of the Question (225-246)</span></div>
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<div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">LAFLI, ERGÜN / LIDDEL, PETER / ÇETINGÖZ, ALEV: Three Inscriptions from Upper Mesopotamia (247-265)</span></div>
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<div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">FORUM: WHAT REMAINS OF CLASSICS? WALTER, UWE: Review of Anderson, G. 2018. The Realness of Things Past. Ancient Greece and Ontological History. New York & Oxford: Oxford University Press (267-274)</span></div>
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<div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Abstracts</span></div>
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<div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Sean MANNING (Independent scholar, Victoria BC, Canada)</span></div>
<div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">THE ARMIES OF THE TEISPIDS AND ACHAEMENIDS: THE ARMIES OF AN ANCIENT WORLD EMPIRE (pp. 147–192)</span></div>
<div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">doi: 10.16758/j.cnki.1004-9371.2022.04.013</span></div>
<div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Although ancient warfare and the Teispid-Achaemenid empire are common topics for research, no concise and up-to-date overview of Teispid and Achaemenid armies and warfare exists. The most recent syntheses were published in the period 1986–1992 when the current understanding of the empire was only beginning to form. This article combines indigenous and Greco-Roman texts, art, and artifacts to provide a short introduction to the armies and navies of the so-called Persian Empire. It focuses on the reigns of Darius I and Xerxes (522–465 BC) from which a variety of texts and artwork survive from Persis, Babylonia, and Greece. Ten main sections cover the history of research, the seemingly contradictory evidence for a uniform army and a patchwork army under Darius I and Xerxes, how the very rapid conquests of the Teispids lead to an army very different than the Roman or imperial British armies, recruitment, organization and equipment, combat mechanics, army organization, siege warfare, naval and riverine warfare, and numbers and effectiveness. Whereas the author’s recent monograph focused on methodological problems and the origin of different theories, this article offers usable answers to many difficult questions.</span></div>
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<div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Raimund SCHULZ (University of Bielefeld)</span></div>
<div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">BETWEEN WAR OF CONQUEST AND PRE-EMPTIVE ATTACK: NEW PERSPECTIVES ON THE BACKGROUND TO THE PERSIAN WARS (pp. 193–224)</span></div>
<div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">doi: 10.16758/j.cnki.1004-9371.2022.04.014</span></div>
<div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">This paper aims to re-investigate the premises and causes of the Persian Wars, examining recent theories of a pre-emptive Persian attack against Athens. Indeed, as early as the sixth century BC, and before Themistocles, Athens’ foreign policy displayed aggressive tendencies towards the northern Aegean involving war fleets. Both Athens’ engagement in the Ionian Revolt and the later campaigns of the Delian League were consistent with this policy. Darius and Xerxes were compelled to react to Athenian aggression, which endangered both their plan of a Persian Aegean and Asia Minor’s safety.</span></div>
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<div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Stanley M. BURSTEIN / Caleb E. FINCH (California State University, Los Angeles / The University of Southern California)</span></div>
<div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">LEAD POISONING IN ANCIENT ROME: THE STATE OF THE QUESTION (pp. 225–246)</span></div>
<div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">doi: 10.16758/j.cnki.1004-9371.2022.04.015</span></div>
<div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Ancient reports on lead toxicity from Roman era writers are substantiated by data concerning the extent and effects from lead content in their environment. Contrary to the theory that connects lead poisoning with the decline of the Roman Empire, our review of data from ice cores and skeletons shows much lower levels of lead pollution in Late Antiquity than during the Roman Republican and Imperial periods. While no level of lead is safe to brain development, such behavioral disorders cannot be evaluated from ancient reports. Given the current state of the evidence, severe lead toxicity in ancient Roman adults was probably limited to those whose occupations brought them in close contact with lead such as miners and artisans. We conclude, therefore, that lead pollution in antiquity was more strongly associated with economic expansion than contraction.</span></div>
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<div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Ergün LAFLI / Peter LIDDEL / Alev ÇETINGÖZ (Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, İzmir / University of Manchester / Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, İzmir)</span></div>
<div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">THREE INSCRIPTIONS FROM UPPER MESOPOTAMIA (pp. 247–265)</span></div>
<div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">doi: 10.16758/j.cnki.1004-9371.2022.04.016</span></div>
<div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">In this brief paper we present two inscriptions from the Museum of Mardin</span></div>
<div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">and one inscription built in the wall of Ulu Mosque in Diyarbakır, both in southeastern Turkey. The first inscription in Mardin is a pedimental funerary</span></div>
<div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">stele of a man and his wife, and dated to the late 3rd to early 4th century AD. Its translation is as follows: "Argeios son of Papinios, while living and of good mind, for Kyria his wife as a memorial." The second inscription in Mardin is a slab with baptismal iconography and an inscription. It originates from the Mardin region and could be dated to the 5th century AD. Its translation is as follows: "The voice of the Lord is upon the waters. A vow." The last inscription is an Early Byzantine inscription from Diyarbakır. Its translation is as follows: "+On behalf of a vow of your servant Akakios, comes of Caesarea and his child. He made it from his own resources in the times of the most pious abbot Gourias.+"</span></div>
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<div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">FORUM: WHAT REMAINS OF CLASSICS?</span></div>
<div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">In our often declared global, post-modern societies with the frequent claim of being “post-structuralist,” “post-colonial,” and “post-imperial,” among others, it has become common to challenge seemingly familiar truths, institutions, concepts, and the like. Naturally, this has not excluded Ancient Studies, and Classics in particular. But how and to what extent does, and should, this affect the epistemological and heuristic core of our discipline(s)? The review by Uwe Walter (University of Bielefeld) critically assesses a mind-challenging approach to studying the “reality” of ancient Greece, particularly the Athenian democracy, and is intended to trigger, and provoke, thoughts on that important topic.</span></div>
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<div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Uwe WALTER (University of Bielefeld)</span></div>
<div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">REVIEW OF ANDERSON, G. 2018. THE REALNESS OF THINGS PAST. ANCIENT GREECE AND ONTOLOGICAL HISTORY. NEW YORK &</span></div>
<div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">OXFORD: OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS. (pp. 267–274)</span></div>
<div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">doi: 10.16758/j.cnki.1004-9371.2022.04.017</span></div>
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<div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;" class="yiv4175135768MsoNormal"><span style="background-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><strong>Prof. Dr. phil. Sven Günther, M.A.</strong></span></div>
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<div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;" class="yiv4175135768MsoNormal"><span style="background-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Vice-director of the Institute for the History of Ancient Civilizations (IHAC)</span></div>
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<div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;" class="yiv4175135768MsoNormal"><span style="background-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Executive editor-in-chief of the Journal of Ancient Civilizations (JAC)</span></div>
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<div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;" class="yiv4175135768MsoNormal"><span style="background-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">IHAC- and JAC-homepage: <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" href="http://ihac.nenu.edu.cn/" style="text-decoration-line:underline;color:blue;">http://ihac.nenu.edu.cn/</a></span></div>
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<div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;" class="yiv4175135768MsoNormal"><span style="background-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Co-Editor of the Marburger Beiträge zur Antiken Handels-, Wirtschafts- und Sozialgeschichte (MBAH) </span></div>
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<div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;" class="yiv4175135768MsoNormal"><span style="background-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Email: sveneca@aol.com / svenguenther@nenu.edu.cn</span></div>
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<div style="margin:0cm 0cm 12pt;" class="yiv4175135768MsoNormal"><span style="background-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Homepage: <a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" href="https://nenu-cn.academia.edu/SvenG%C3%BCnther" style="text-decoration-line:underline;color:blue;">https://nenu-cn.academia.edu/SvenGünther</a></span></div>
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